Plato's Life and Works: Socratic method, Knowing Virtue, Soul & Form, Justice, Social Life, Specific Virtues, Good Rulers, Knowledge, Value of Justice & Love

The son of wealthy and influential Athenian ...   read more

Aristotle’s Life and Works:
Logic, Demonstration, Four Causes, Metaphysic, Universals, Knowledge, Virtue, Volition, Friendship, Politics, Poetics

Born at Stagira in northern Greece...   read more

Apollonius of Tyana [1 to 97 CE] was a Greek Neo-Pythagorean philosopher and teacher. His teaching influenced both scientific thought and occultism for centuries after his death.

James Francis prefaced a discus...   read more

Archimedes was a Sicilian geometrician who calculated an accurate value for pi, demonstrated the relationship between the volume of spheres and cylinders, discovered methods for determining the center of gravity of p...   read more

René Descartes is one of the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. During his lifetime, Descartes was just as famous as an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician. But it is ...   read more

Thomas Hobbes [5 April 1588 — 4 December 1679] was an English philosopher whose work has contributed significantly to the foundation of most Western political philosophy.

Hobbes is remembered today for his wo...   read more

Pascal was a French philosopher, scientist, mathematician and probability theorist. "Pascal's Wager"  offers a pragmatic reason for believing in God: even under the assumption that God’s exist...   read more

Nicolas de Malebranche was born in Paris. After early studies in his paternal home he studied philosophy in the college of Marche, and theology at the Sorbonne. In 1660 he entered the Oratory, where he came under the ...   read more

Baruch Spinoza was born to Portuguese Jews living in exile in Holland, but his life among the Marranos there was often unsettled. Despite an early rabbinical education, he was expelled from the synagogue at Amsterdam ...   read more

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German polymath who wrote mostly in French and Latin.

Educated in law and philosophy, and serving as factotum to two major German noble houses (one becoming the British royal fa...   read more